New
Delhi, 19
July
2004
It
is now somewhat certain that in not-to-distant future the French
designed Mirage 2000-5 Mk2 aircraft will shoulder the responsibility
of our manned airborne nuclear deterrent. The French success in
operating Mirage 2000Ns in a nuclear strike role obviously impressed
the Indian Air Force (IAF) officials. The Mirage 2000 is inherently
well suited to the task. The fly-by-wire controls and small canard
type foreplanes on the air intake trunks of Mirage 2000 allow it to
secure the advantages of a delta platform, especially in terms of
high fuel storage, increased manoeuvrability, less control surfaces
and low Radar Cross Section (RCS). Again instabilities that arise
during low-altitude penetration with significant payloads are
minimised.
The
Fly-By-Wire (FBW) controls provided the Mirage 2000 fleet remarkable
manoeuvrability as well as resistance to high-G. Thus the Mirage
2000N fleets are capable of flying fast and low, deliver ordnances
to targets with a high degree of accuracy and capable of destroying
opposing fighters on the way back. In L'Armee de l’Air (French Air
Force) service the Mirage 2000N are equipped with 600 kg CEA AN-52
“free fall” nuclear bombs of conventional shape with cruciform
tailfins. The AN-52 bomb attached to the fuselage center pylon has a
nuclear yield of 14 to 18 kilotons. Mirage 2000N is also configured
to carry the 300 kilometre ranged ASMP (Air/Sol Moyenne Portee)
“stand-off” nuclear missile to cover the last lap of heavily
defended airspace. The ASMP is around 5 metres long and weighs 900
kg.
Possibly from the very start the IAF judiciously decided to convert
some of its Mirage 2000H/TH for the nuclear strike role without
fanfare. They thus became “dual-capable” platforms providing the
more flexible arm of the newly created Indian Strategic Forces
Command. Capable of delivering a punishing "second strike" on any
potential rogue nuclear aggressor, the manned airborne platforms are
also capable of delivering a "pre-emptive strike" on enemy nuclear
arsenals or their communication, command and control nodes, to
disable them from launching a "first strike" on Indian forces or
homeland. A strike aircraft also enjoys the flexibility of
reassigning target points enroute and collecting “first-hand” battle
damage assessment. They can also be “recalled” if the situation
demands. Nuclear strike aircrafts are again inherently “dual-use”
platforms and thus valuable even in a conventional attack scenario.
As
the IAF started converting the Mirage 2000, the standard livery
generally associated with air defence variants changed to
"camouflage" external body paint. It was widely rumoured that
Antilope 5 terrain-following radar, similar to one fitted on French
Mirage 2000N nuclear strike platforms, had been installed on IAF
Mirage 2000H/TH along with reinforced radomes and twin Inertial
Navigation System (INS). Optimum performance during nap-of-the-earth
penetration of enemy airspace and strike is thus facilitated,
powered by a single yet excellent SNECMA M-53-P2 engine. For
self-protection, a comprehensive Electronic Support
Measures/Electronic Counter Measures (ESM/ECM) suite backs the
formidable defensive weaponry of Magic 2 Within Visual Range (WVR)
Air-to-Air Missiles (AAM) and Super 530D Beyond Visual Range (BVR)
AAMs.
To
augment its present two squadrons of Mirage 2000H/TH, based in
Gwalior, the IAF had ordered 10 additional Mirage 2000H/THs and more
importantly was considering mass procurement and license production
of the more advanced Mirage 2000-5 Mk2.
Optimised for true multi-role missions, Mirage 2000-5 Mk2 is
equipped with Thales RDY multi-mode pulse-Doppler radar and
incorporates Advanced Pilot/System Interface (APSI) in having a
"glass cockpit" with ‘Hand-On-Throttle and Stick’ (HOTAS) and colour
Multi-Function Displays (MFD). One of the MFD is "head-level" for
tactical situational awareness that displays processed information
from sensors and systems, which may be flashed, on Head Up Display (HUD)
if necessary. Equipped with an integrated countermeasures suite and
multi-function data link, a night and adverse weather capability is
provided by Thales Nahar Forward Looking Infra-Red (FLIR) radar.
Surface strike capability will be greatly enhanced if an Israeli
Litening 2 pod is integrated.
Since the Mirage 2000-5Mk2 may primarily emphasise delivery of
nuclear ordnance, they should be customized to carry the features of
the French 4+ generation Dassault Rafale close-couple canard/delta
multi-role strike fighter. These should include variations of Radar
a Balayage Electronique (RBE-2) multi-mode radar, Optronics Secteur
Frontale (Front Sector Optronics) (OSF), Spectra self-protection
suite and MIDS tactical data link.
The
multi-mode phased array RBE-2 radar has a range of 100 kilometres
even in look-down mode and significantly greater range in look-level
and look-up modes. Tracking parameters are comparable and at least
four targets can be engaged simultaneously. The radar has growth
potential and after full development will be capable of terrain
avoiding at the same time as it scans for potential air threats.
This last mentioned feature will ensure that while on strike
missions the IAF Mirage 2000-5 Mk2s will be capable of
self-protection especially in the successful post-attack scenario
when the strike platforms have advertised their presence and need
protection from enemy air-combat fighters. Front Sector Optronics (OSF)
consisting of Infra-Red Search and Track (IRST), Forward Looking
Infra-Red (FLIR) and Laser Range Finding backs the radar and also
assist the strike platform for successful nocturnal missions.
For
surface strike missions, apart from carrying standard nuclear and
conventional gravity bombs the aircraft should be capable of
carrying MBDA SCALP/Storm Shadow stand-off missiles. With a range of
400 km the Israeli Delilah modular stand-off strike weapon should be
another option. Also compatible should be Israeli MSOV, an
air-to-ground stand off modular glide dispenser. In addition
Indo-Russian consortium should develop an extended-range BrahMos Air
Launched Cruise Missile (ALCM) to increase the operational
effectiveness of our Mirage 2000-5 Mk2 fleet and shield them from
heaviest enemy ground-based defences.
Additionally the IAF should look for a dedicated ECM Electronic
Counter Measures (ECM) variant of the Mirage 2000 to accompany the
“airborne strike packages” to ensure survivability. Where possible,
AWACS platforms should be applied to guide the "airborne strike
packages" in avoiding the enemy air defence platforms and
installations. Safe ingress and egress are thus facilitated.
The
IAF Sukhoi-30MKI will provide the "top cover" while penetrating
heavily defended airspace and will escort the strike fleet of Mirage
2000-5s. The airframes and engines of Sukhoi-30MKI are optimised for
operations in medium to high altitudes, although their advanced
avionics permit them to mount nuclear strike if situation demands.
One of Sukhoi-30MKIs vital role in this type of mission will be
destruction of ultra-high-value enemy airborne platforms like
Airborne Warning And Control System (AWACS), In-Flight Refuelling (IFR)
and Long Range Maritime Patrol (LRMP) platforms without necessarily
first have to deal with their fighter escorts using the resurrected
Russian Novator R-172 ultra-long-range AAM. Russian officials have
now confirmed the R-172 designation. In addition option should be
left open to integrate MBDA Meteor BVR AAM to the fleet of
Sukhoi-30s.
Meteor is capable of engaging air targets autonomously, whether
fighters, bombers, transport aircraft, AWACS or cruise missiles by
using its active radar seeker by day or night and in all weather or
dense Electronic Warfare (EW) environments. Meteor’s solid fuel
variable-flow rocket/ramjet propulsion system will ensure a range in
excess of 100 km and a speed of more than Mach 4 and high terminal
velocity. Even when launched from extreme stand-off ranges, the
missile will have the energy in the end game to defeat fast,
manoeuvring targets. To ensure total target destruction, the missile
is equipped with both proximity and impact fuses and a fragmentation
warhead that is detonated at the optimum point to maximise
lethality. Guidance is ISN, two-way datalink and active Ku-band
radar seeker. It can receive targeting data after launch from the
launching fighter, another fighter, or AWACS platforms. The two-way
data-link partially solves the IFF problem at long ranges.
While the IAF Mirage 2000, Jaguar and Sukhoi-30 fleets are all
capable of reaching every military, commercial and industrial target
of Pakistan, their capability of reaching every military, commercial
and industrial target of China remains limited especially if under
conditions of conflict the Chinese Air Force relocates additional
fighter squadrons sensors and air defence weaponry to Chinese
Chengdu and Lanzhau military regions, to force the IAF to follow a
“lo-lo-lo” flight profile to ensure survivability.
Thus for tactical deployment an optimum combination of
Illyushin-78MKI IFR tankers with “combat-rated” drop-tanks need to
be utilised. IFR tankers like Illyushin-78MKI "Midas" will extend
the endurance and loiter time of Sukhoi-30MKIs operating in the air
defence role. But how effective it will be in extending the range of
IAF Mirage 2000, Jaguar and Sukhoi-30 fleets in strike missions
depends upon certain factors. In-flight refueling takes place in
high to medium altitudes, and near the political border often in
full view of enemy radar. Thus unless local air superiority can be
established in "sensitive" areas, in-flight refueling needs to be
conducted well within ones own airspace especially when confronting
a powerful adversary.” However IFR will enable the IAF “airborne
strike packages” to be based in safer “centrally located” air bases
and refueled prior entering the enemy airspace thus optimally
utilising the maximum range and reach. Once over the enemy airspace
the “airborne strike packages” have to rely more on “combat-rated”
drop-tanks of various sizes. Moreover the IAF in active
collaboration with United States, Russia and Israel should secure
basing rights in West, Central and East Asia so to carry on
“one-way” missions on various fronts to extend its reach. This
aspect needs diplomatic skills on the part of both IAF and the
Indian Government.
A
strong force of manned airborne platforms for nuclear strike
missions are needed for flexibility of our nuclear doctrine.
Although from an idealistic point of view, "no first use" seems to
be the desirable option, ground realities especially in dealing with
a rouge and bullish nuclear adversary may force us to change our
stand. The option of a "pre-emptive strike" should be kept open with
adequate sensors and intelligence machinery deployed to intercept an
enemy's attempt to launch a "first strike".
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